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C1 German grammar

Integrated and separate infinitive constructions

Distinguish a unified predicate from a separate infinitive clause and interpret control carefully.

The rule

Distinguish an integrated predicate from a separate infinitive clause before placing commas. Some verbs allow both arrangements; the infinitive’s actor must also remain clear.

sie scheint … zu … · sie hat … zu … versucht / sie hat versucht, … zu …

An infinitive can belong to an integrated predicate or form a separate subordinate clause; surface zu alone does not decide.

scheinen, pflegen and modal-like brauchen often form integrated chains. A comma does not split such a predicate.

With verbs such as versuchen, integration can depend on arrangement: sie hat ihn zu überzeugen versucht differs structurally from sie hat versucht, ihn zu überzeugen.

Core forms and structures

Use this table as a reference, then retrieve the forms without looking.

FormFunctionGerman exampleEnglish
zu habenIntegrated scheinen plus perfect infinitive is not internally comma-split.Sie scheint den Fehler bemerkt zu haben.She seems to have noticed the error.
aufzustehenSeparable aufstehen inserts zu after auf.Er pflegt früh aufzustehen.He usually gets up early.
zu erklärenRestricted brauchen forms an integrated predicate without this comma.Du brauchst das nicht zu erklären.You do not need to explain that.
zu überzeugenThe integrated infinitive precedes versucht without an internal comma.Sie hat den Kunden zu überzeugen versucht.She has tried to convince the customer.
,The separate expanded infinitive after versucht takes a comma.Sie hat versucht, den Kunden zu überzeugen.She has tried to convince the customer.

German examples with English meanings

Sie scheint den Fehler bemerkt zu haben.

She seems to have noticed the error.

Integrated scheinen plus perfect infinitive is not internally comma-split.

Er pflegt früh aufzustehen.

He usually gets up early.

Separable aufstehen inserts zu after auf.

Du brauchst das nicht zu erklären.

You do not need to explain that.

Restricted brauchen forms an integrated predicate without this comma.

Sie hat den Kunden zu überzeugen versucht.

She has tried to convince the customer.

The integrated infinitive precedes versucht without an internal comma.

Sie hat versucht, den Kunden zu überzeugen.

She has tried to convince the customer.

The separate expanded infinitive after versucht takes a comma.

Die Regel ist zu befolgen.

The rule must be followed.

Das Vorhaben droht zu scheitern.

The undertaking threatens to fail.

Er bittet sie, den Bericht zu lesen.

He asks her to read the report.

Wir haben den Wunsch, früher zu beginnen.

We have the wish to begin earlier.

Das Projekt verspricht interessant zu werden.

The project promises to become interesting.

Common mistakes

Incorrect: Die Regel ist zu, befolgen.

Correct: Die Regel ist zu befolgen.

Integrated sein plus zu-infinitive is not comma-split.

Incorrect: Das Vorhaben droht scheitern zu.

Correct: Das Vorhaben droht zu scheitern.

Integrated drohen takes zu before the infinitive.

Incorrect: Er bittet sie; den Bericht zu lesen.

Correct: Er bittet sie, den Bericht zu lesen.

The separate infinitive controlled by the request takes a comma.

Incorrect: Wir haben den Wunsch; früher zu beginnen.

Correct: Wir haben den Wunsch, früher zu beginnen.

The expanded infinitive dependent on Wunsch takes a comma.

Incorrect: Das Projekt verspricht interessant werden zu.

Correct: Das Projekt verspricht interessant zu werden.

Integrated versprechen in this meaning takes zu werden.

Details and useful distinctions

Infinitive control is construction-sensitive. An object-controlled invitation or request is not equivalent to every subject-controlled verb.

A passive or embedded modal can affect how the understood actor is interpreted. Replace the infinitive with a finite clause if reference is unclear.

Practise this grammar

Identify the predicate boundaries and actor before judging comma placement or word order.

Open Integrated and separate infinitive constructions exercises →

For source references and editorial level notes, see the grammar reference. You can report a correction if an explanation or example seems wrong.